Deflectometer
Global Deflectometer Market Size by Covering (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, LAMEA) Industry Analysis Report, Regional Outlook, Growth Potential, Competitive Market Share & Forecast, 2021 – 2027
Report ID: BMRC 4744 | Number of pages: 192 | Publish Date: Jun 2021 | Category: Machinery and EquipmentsPre & Post Covid-19 Impact and Recovery Analysis (Estimates) is Covered in Deflectometer Market Research Report.
“Global Deflectometer market size is expected to gain market growth in the forecast period of 2021 to 2027, with a CAGR of xx% in the forecast period of 2021 to 2027 and will expected to reach USD XXX million by 2027""
The recent report on ""Global Deflectometer Market Report 2021 by Key Players, Types, Applications, Countries, Market Size, Forecast to 2027"". The report integrates data regarding the supply and demand situation, Key Growth Factors & Challenges, Segmentation & Regional Outlook, Top Industry Trends & Opportunities, Competition Analysis, Future Impact Analysis & Projected Recovery, and Market Sizing & Forecast period of 2021-2027
Scope of The Report:
This Deflectometer market study specially analyses the impact of Covid-19 outbreak on the Deflectometer , covering the supply chain analysis, impact assessment to the market size growth rate in several scenarios, and the measures to be undertaken by companies in response to the COVID-19 epidemic.
Each segment of the global Deflectometer market is extensively evaluated in the research study. The segmental analysis offered in the report pinpoints key opportunities available in the global Deflectometer market through leading segments. The regional study of the global Deflectometer market included in the report helps readers to gain a sound understanding of the development of different geographical markets in recent years and also going forth. We have provided a detailed study on the critical dynamics of the global Deflectometer market, which include the market influence and market effect factors, drivers, challenges, restraints, trends, and prospects. The research study also includes other types of analysis such as qualitative and quantitative.
Deflectometer Market Key Players:
Illinois Tool Works
PaveTesting
ARA
Olson Instruments
Dynatest
Aimil
Humboldt
Controls Group
EPSILON TECHNOLOGY CORP
AbatechReport evaluates the growth rate and the Market value based on Market dynamics, growth inducing factors. The complete knowledge is based on latest industry news, opportunities and trends. The report contains a comprehensive Market analysis and vendor landscape in addition to a SWOT analysis of the key vendors.
Geographically, this report split global into several key Regions, revenue (Million USD) The geography (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Middle East & Africa) focusing on key countries in each region. It also covers market drivers, restraints, opportunities, challenges, and key issues in Global Deflectometer Market.
Key Benefits for Deflectometer Market Reports
Global market report covers in-depth historical and forecast analysis.
Global market research report provides detail information about Market Introduction, Market Summary, Global market Revenue (Revenue USD), Market Drivers, Market Restraints, Market Opportunities, Competitive Analysis, Regional and Country Level.
Global market report helps to identify opportunities in market place.
Global market report covers extensive analysis of emerging trends and competitive landscape.
Deflectometer Market Segmentation Analysis:
On the basis of product,
Falling Weight Deflectometer
Light Weight Deflectometer
On the basis of the end users/applications,
Construction Industry
Railway Industry
OthersBy Region
North America (U.S., Canada, Mexico)
Europe (UK, France, Germany, Russia, Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, South Korea, India, Japan, Rest of Asia-Pacific)
LAMEA (Latin America, Middle East, Africa)
This comprehensive report will provide:
Enhance your strategic decision making
Assist with your research, presentations and business plans
Show which emerging market opportunities to focus on
Increase your industry knowledge
Keep you up-to-date with crucial market developments
Allow you to develop informed growth strategies
Build your technical insight
Illustrate trends to exploit
Strengthen your analysis of competitors
Provide risk analysis, helping you avoid the pitfalls other companies could make
Ultimately, help you to maximize profitability for your company.
Our Market Research Solution Provides You Answer to Below Mentioned Question:
Which are the driving factors responsible for the growth of market?
Which are the roadblock factors of this market?
What are the new opportunities, by which market will grow in coming years?
What are the trends of this market?
Which are main factors responsible for new product launch?
How big is the global & regional market in terms of revenue, sales and production?
How far will the market grow in forecast period in terms of revenue, sales and production?
Which region is dominating the global market and what are the market shares of each region in the overall market in 2019?
How will each segment grow over the forecast period and how much revenue will these segment account for in 2027?
Which region has more opportunities?
Table of Content
Chapter - Report Methodology 1
1.1. Research Process
1.2. Primary Research
1.3. Secondary Research
1.4. Market Size Estimates
1.5. Data Triangulation
1.6. Forecast Model
1.7. USP’s of Report
1.8. Report Description
Chapter – Global Deflectometer Market Overview: Qualitative Analysis 2
2.1. Market Introduction
2.2. Executive Summary
2.3. Global Deflectometer Market Classification
2.4. Market Drivers
2.5. Market Restraints
2.6. Market Opportunity
2.7. Deflectometer Market: Trends
2.8. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
2.9. Market Attractiveness Analysis
Chapter - Global Deflectometer Market Overview: Quantitative Analysis 3
Chapter – Global Deflectometer Market Analysis: Segmentation By Type 4
Chapter – Global Deflectometer Market Analysis: Segmentation By Application 5
Continued@........
Table of Content
1 Study Coverage
1.1 Deflectometer Product
1.2 Key Market Segments in This Study
1.3 Key Manufacturers Covered
1.4 Market by Type
1.5 Market by Application
1.6 Study Objectives
1.7 Years Considered
2 Executive Summary
2.1 Global Deflectometer Market Size
2.1.1 Global Deflectometer Revenue 2014-2027
2.1.2 Global Deflectometer Production 2014-2027
2.2 Deflectometer Growth Rate (CAGR) 2021-2027
2.3 Analysis of Competitive Landscape
2.3.1 Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio
2.3.2 Key Deflectometer Manufacturers
2.3.2.1 Deflectometer Manufacturing Base Distribution, Headquarters
2.3.2.2 Manufacturers Deflectometer Product Offered
2.3.2.3 Date of Manufacturers Enter into Deflectometer Market
2.4 Key Trends for Deflectometer Markets & Products
3 Market Size by Manufacturers
3.1 Deflectometer Production by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Deflectometer Production by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Deflectometer Production Market Share by Manufacturers
3.2 Deflectometer Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Deflectometer Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2021)
3.2.2 Deflectometer Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2021)
3.3 Deflectometer Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Deflectometer Production by Regions
4.1 Global Deflectometer Production by Regions
4.1.1 Global Deflectometer Production Market Share by Regions
4.1.2 Global Deflectometer Revenue Market Share by Regions
4.2 North America
4.2.1 North America Deflectometer Production
4.2.2 North America Deflectometer Revenue
4.2.3 Key Players in North America
4.2.4 North America Deflectometer Import & Export
4.3 Europe
4.3.1 Europe Deflectometer Production
4.3.2 Europe Deflectometer Revenue
4.3.3 Key Players in Europe
4.3.4 Europe Deflectometer Import & Export
4.4 China
4.4.1 China Deflectometer Production
4.4.2 China Deflectometer Revenue
4.4.3 Key Players in China
4.4.4 China Deflectometer Import & Export
4.5 Japan
4.5.1 Japan Deflectometer Production
4.5.2 Japan Deflectometer Revenue
4.5.3 Key Players in Japan
4.5.4 Japan Deflectometer Import & Export
5 Deflectometer Consumption by Regions
5.1 Global Deflectometer Consumption by Regions
5.1.1 Global Deflectometer Consumption by Regions
5.1.2 Global Deflectometer Consumption Market Share by Regions
5.2 North America
5.2.1 North America Deflectometer Consumption by Application
5.2.2 North America Deflectometer Consumption by Countries
5.2.3 United States
5.2.4 Canada
5.2.5 Mexico
5.3 Europe
5.3.1 Europe Deflectometer Consumption by Application
5.3.2 Europe Deflectometer Consumption by Countries
5.3.3 Germany
5.3.4 France
5.3.5 UK
5.3.6 Italy
5.3.7 Russia
5.4 Asia Pacific
5.4.1 Asia Pacific Deflectometer Consumption by Application
5.4.2 Asia Pacific Deflectometer Consumption by Regions
5.4.3 China
5.4.4 Japan
5.4.5 South Korea
5.4.6 India
5.4.7 Australia
5.4.8 Indonesia
5.4.9 Thailand
5.4.10 Malaysia
5.4.11 Philippines
5.4.12 Vietnam
5.5 Central & South America
5.5.1 Central & South America Deflectometer Consumption by Application
5.5.2 Central & South America Deflectometer Consumption by Country
5.5.3 Brazil
5.6 Middle East and Africa
5.6.1 Middle East and Africa Deflectometer Consumption by Application
5.6.2 Middle East and Africa Deflectometer Consumption by Countries
5.6.3 Turkey
5.6.4 GCC Countries
5.6.5 Egypt
5.6.6 South Africa
6 Market Size by Type
6.1 Global Deflectometer Production by Type
6.2 Global Deflectometer Revenue by Type
6.3 Deflectometer Price by Type
7 Market Size by Application
7.1 Overview
7.2 Global Deflectometer Breakdown Dada by Application
7.2.1 Global Deflectometer Consumption by Application
7.2.2 Global Deflectometer Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2021)
8 Manufacturers Profiles
9 Production Forecasts
9.1 Deflectometer Production and Revenue Forecast
9.1.1 Global Deflectometer Production Forecast 2021-2027
9.1.2 Global Deflectometer Revenue Forecast 2021-2027
9.2 Deflectometer Production and Revenue Forecast by Regions
9.2.1 Global Deflectometer Revenue Forecast by Regions
9.2.2 Global Deflectometer Production Forecast by Regions
9.3 Deflectometer Key Producers Forecast
9.3.1 North America
9.3.2 Europe
9.3.3 China
9.3.4 Japan
9.4 Forecast by Type
9.4.1 Global Deflectometer Production Forecast by Type
9.4.2 Global Deflectometer Revenue Forecast by Type
10 Consumption Forecast
10.1 Deflectometer Consumption Forecast by Application
10.2 Deflectometer Consumption Forecast by Regions
10.3 North America Market Consumption Forecast
10.3.1 North America Deflectometer Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
10.3.2 United States
10.3.3 Canada
10.3.4 Mexico
10.4 Europe Market Consumption Forecast
10.4.1 Europe Deflectometer Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
10.4.2 Germany
10.4.3 France
10.4.4 UK
10.4.5 Italy
10.4.6 Russia
10.5 Asia Pacific Market Consumption Forecast
10.5.1 Asia Pacific Deflectometer Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
10.5.2 China
10.5.3 Japan
10.5.4 South Korea
10.5.5 India
10.5.6 Australia
10.5.7 Indonesia
10.5.8 Thailand
10.5.9 Malaysia
10.5.10 Philippines
10.5.11 Vietnam
10.6 Central & South America Market Consumption Forecast
10.6.1 Central & South America Deflectometer Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
10.6.2 Brazil
10.7 Middle East and Africa Market Consumption Forecast
10.7.1 Middle East and Africa Deflectometer Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
10.7.2 Turkey
10.7.3 GCC Countries
10.7.4 Egypt
10.7.5 South Africa
11 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
11.1 Value Chain Analysis
11.2 Sales Channels Analysis
11.2.1 Deflectometer Sales Channels
11.2.2 Deflectometer Distributors
11.3 Deflectometer Customers
12 Market Opportunities & Challenges, Risks and Influences Factors Analysis
12.1 Market Opportunities and Drivers
12.2 Market Challenges
12.3 Market Risks/Restraints
12.4 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
13 Key Findings in the Global Deflectometer Study
14 Appendix
14.1 Research Methodology
14.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
14.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
14.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
14.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
14.1.2 Data Source
14.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
14.1.2.2 Primary Sources
14.2 Author Details
14.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Deflectometer Product Picture
Table Deflectometer Key Market Segments in This Study
Table Key Manufacturers Deflectometer Covered in This Study
Table Global Deflectometer Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2021-2027 & (Million US$)
Figure Global Deflectometer Production Market Share by Type in 2018 & 2027
Figure Fixed Deflectometer Product Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Fixed Deflectometer
Figure Deflectometer Product Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Portable Deflectometer
Table Global Deflectometer Market Size Growth Rate by Application 2021-2027
Figure Global Deflectometer Consumption Market Share by Application in 2018 & 2027
Figure Deflectometer Report Years Considered
Figure Global Deflectometer Revenue 2014-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Deflectometer Production 2014-2027
Table Global Deflectometer Market Size Growth Rate by Regions 2021-2027 & (Million US$)
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio
Table Deflectometer Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table Manufacturers Deflectometer Product Offered
Table Date of Manufacturers Enter into Deflectometer Market
Table Global Deflectometer Production by Manufacturers (2014-2021)
Table Global Deflectometer Production Share by Manufacturers (2014-2021)
Figure Global Deflectometer Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Deflectometer Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2021) (Million US$)
Table Deflectometer Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2021)
Table Deflectometer Price by Manufacturers 2014-2021
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Deflectometer Production by Regions 2014-2021
Table Global Deflectometer Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2021
Figure Global Deflectometer Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2021
Figure Global Deflectometer Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Deflectometer Revenue by Regions 2014-2021 (Million US$)
Table Global Deflectometer Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2021
Figure Global Deflectometer Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2021
Figure Global Deflectometer Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2018
Figure North America Deflectometer Production and Growth Rate 2014-2021
Figure North America Deflectometer Revenue and Growth Rate 2014-2021 (Million US$)
Table North America Deflectometer Import & Export
Figure Europe Deflectometer Production and Growth Rate 2014-2021
Figure Europe Deflectometer Revenue and Growth Rate 2014-2021 (Million US$)
Table Europe Deflectometer Import & Export
Figure China Deflectometer Production and Growth Rate 2014-2021
Figure China Deflectometer Revenue and Growth Rate 2014-2021 (Million US$)
Table China Deflectometer Import & Export
Figure Japan Deflectometer Production and Growth Rate 2014-2021
Figure Japan Deflectometer Revenue and Growth Rate 2014-2021 (Million US$)
Table Japan Deflectometer Import & Export
Table Global Deflectometer Consumption by Regions 2014-2021
Table Global Deflectometer Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2021
Figure Global Deflectometer Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2021
Figure Global Deflectometer Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2018
Figure North America Deflectometer Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Table North America Deflectometer Consumption by Application (2014-2021)
Figure 2018 North America Deflectometer Consumption Market Share by Application
Table North America Deflectometer Consumption by Countries (2014-2021)
Figure 2018 North America Deflectometer Consumption Market Share by Countries
Figure United States Deflectometer Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Canada Deflectometer Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Mexico Deflectometer Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Europe Deflectometer Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Table Europe Deflectometer Consumption by Application (2014-2021)
Figure 2018 Europe Deflectometer Consumption Market Share by Application
Table Europe Deflectometer Consumption by Countries (2014-2021)
Figure 2018 Europe Deflectometer Consumption Market Share by Countries
Figure Germany Deflectometer Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure France Deflectometer Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure UK Deflectometer Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Italy Deflectometer Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Russia Deflectometer Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Asia Pacific Deflectometer Consumption and Growth Rate
Table Asia Pacific Deflectometer Consumption by Application (2014-2021)
Table Asia Pacific Deflectometer Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2021)
Table Asia Pacific Deflectometer Consumption by Regions (2014-2021)
Table Asia Pacific Deflectometer Consumption Market Share by Countries (2014-2021)
Figure China Deflectometer Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Japan Deflectometer Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure South Korea Deflectometer Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure India Deflectometer Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Australia Deflectometer Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Indonesia Deflectometer Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Thailand Deflectometer Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Malaysia Deflectometer Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Philippines Deflectometer Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Vietnam Deflectometer Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Central & South America Deflectometer Consumption and Growth Rate
Table Central & South America Deflectometer Consumption by Application (2014-2021)
Figure 2018 Central & South America Deflectometer Consumption Market Share by Application
Table Central & South America Deflectometer Consumption by Countries (2014-2021)
Figure Central & South America Deflectometer Consumption Market Share by Countries
Figure Brazil Deflectometer Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Middle East and Africa Deflectometer Consumption and Growth Rate
Table Middle East and Africa Deflectometer Consumption by Application (2014-2021)
Figure 2018 Middle East and Africa Deflectometer Consumption Market Share by Application
Table Middle East and Africa Deflectometer Consumption by Countries (2014-2021)
Figure Middle East and Africa Deflectometer Consumption Market Share by Countries
Figure Turkey Deflectometer Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure GCC Countries Deflectometer Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Egypt Deflectometer Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure South Africa Deflectometer Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Table Global Deflectometer Production by Type (2014-2021)
Table Global Deflectometer Production Share by Type (2014-2021)
Figure Global Deflectometer Production Market Share by Type (2014-2021)
Figure Global Deflectometer Production Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Deflectometer Revenue by Type (2014-2021) (Million US$)
Table Global Deflectometer Revenue Share by Type (2014-2021)
Figure Global Deflectometer Revenue Market Share by Type (2014-2021)
Figure Global Deflectometer Revenue Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Deflectometer Price by Type 2014-2021
Table Global Deflectometer Consumption by Application (2014-2021)
Table Global Deflectometer Consumption by Application (2014-2021)
Table Global Deflectometer Consumption Share by Application (2014-2021)
Figure Global Deflectometer Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2021)
Figure Global Deflectometer Production Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Global Deflectometer Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Table Global Deflectometer Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Table Global Deflectometer Revenue Forecast by Regions 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Deflectometer Revenue Forecast by Regions 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Deflectometer Revenue Market Share Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Table Global Deflectometer Production Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Figure Global Deflectometer Production Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Figure Global Deflectometer Production Market Share Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Figure North America Deflectometer Production Forecast 2021-2027
Figure North America Deflectometer Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Europe Deflectometer Production Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Europe Deflectometer Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure China Deflectometer Production Forecast 2021-2027
Figure China Deflectometer Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Japan Deflectometer Production Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Japan Deflectometer Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Table Global Deflectometer Production Forecast by Type 2021-2027
Figure Global Deflectometer Production Forecast by Type 2021-2027
Figure Global Deflectometer Production Market Share Forecast by Type 2021-2027
Table Global Deflectometer Revenue Forecast by Type 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Deflectometer Revenue Forecast by Type 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Deflectometer Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type 2021-2027
Table Global Deflectometer Consumption Forecast by Application 2021-2027
Figure Global Deflectometer Consumption Forecast by Application 2021-2027
Figure Global Deflectometer Consumption Market Share Forecast by Application 2021-2027
Table Global Deflectometer Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Figure Global Deflectometer Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Figure Global Deflectometer Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Table North America Deflectometer Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Figure North America Deflectometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure United States Deflectometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Canada Deflectometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Mexico Deflectometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Table Europe Deflectometer Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Figure Europe Deflectometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Germany Deflectometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure France Deflectometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure UK Deflectometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Italy Deflectometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Russia Deflectometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Table Asia Pacific Deflectometer Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Figure Asia Pacific Deflectometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure China Deflectometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Japan Deflectometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure South Korea Deflectometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure India Deflectometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Australia Deflectometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Indonesia Deflectometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Thailand Deflectometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Malaysia Deflectometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Philippines Deflectometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Vietnam Deflectometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Table Central & South America Deflectometer Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Figure Central & South America Deflectometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Brazil Deflectometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Table Middle East and Africa Deflectometer Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Figure Middle East and Africa Deflectometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Turkey Deflectometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure GCC Countries Deflectometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Egypt Deflectometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure South Africa Deflectometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Deflectometer Value Chain
Table Deflectometer Distributors List
Table Deflectometer Customers List
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources