Mining Tester
Global Mining Tester Market Size by Covering (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, LAMEA) Industry Analysis Report, Regional Outlook, Growth Potential, Competitive Market Share & Forecast, 2021 – 2027
Report ID: BMRC 4690 | Number of pages: 193 | Publish Date: Jun 2021 | Category: Machinery and EquipmentsPre & Post Covid-19 Impact and Recovery Analysis (Estimates) is Covered in Mining Tester Market Research Report.
“Global Mining Tester market size is expected to gain market growth in the forecast period of 2021 to 2027, with a CAGR of xx% in the forecast period of 2021 to 2027 and will expected to reach USD XXX million by 2027""
The recent report on ""Global Mining Tester Market Report 2021 by Key Players, Types, Applications, Countries, Market Size, Forecast to 2027"". The report integrates data regarding the supply and demand situation, Key Growth Factors & Challenges, Segmentation & Regional Outlook, Top Industry Trends & Opportunities, Competition Analysis, Future Impact Analysis & Projected Recovery, and Market Sizing & Forecast period of 2021-2027
Scope of The Report:
This Mining Tester market study specially analyses the impact of Covid-19 outbreak on the Mining Tester , covering the supply chain analysis, impact assessment to the market size growth rate in several scenarios, and the measures to be undertaken by companies in response to the COVID-19 epidemic.
Each segment of the global Mining Tester market is extensively evaluated in the research study. The segmental analysis offered in the report pinpoints key opportunities available in the global Mining Tester market through leading segments. The regional study of the global Mining Tester market included in the report helps readers to gain a sound understanding of the development of different geographical markets in recent years and also going forth. We have provided a detailed study on the critical dynamics of the global Mining Tester market, which include the market influence and market effect factors, drivers, challenges, restraints, trends, and prospects. The research study also includes other types of analysis such as qualitative and quantitative.
Mining Tester Market Key Players:
? Qualitest International
? Hubbell Incorporated
? CMZ
? Olympus IMS
? Hitachi
? AMETEK
? Bruker
? The Vanta
? Oxford InstrumentsReport evaluates the growth rate and the Market value based on Market dynamics, growth inducing factors. The complete knowledge is based on latest industry news, opportunities and trends. The report contains a comprehensive Market analysis and vendor landscape in addition to a SWOT analysis of the key vendors.
Geographically, this report split global into several key Regions, revenue (Million USD) The geography (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Middle East & Africa) focusing on key countries in each region. It also covers market drivers, restraints, opportunities, challenges, and key issues in Global Mining Tester Market.
Key Benefits for Mining Tester Market Reports
Global market report covers in-depth historical and forecast analysis.
Global market research report provides detail information about Market Introduction, Market Summary, Global market Revenue (Revenue USD), Market Drivers, Market Restraints, Market Opportunities, Competitive Analysis, Regional and Country Level.
Global market report helps to identify opportunities in market place.
Global market report covers extensive analysis of emerging trends and competitive landscape.
Mining Tester Market Segmentation Analysis:
By equipment type
- mineral tester
- ore tester
- gold tester
- iron ore tester
- metal analyzers
By end use,
- Segmented into mining industries academics
- research
- environmental science.
By Region
North America (U.S., Canada, Mexico)
Europe (UK, France, Germany, Russia, Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, South Korea, India, Japan, Rest of Asia-Pacific)
LAMEA (Latin America, Middle East, Africa)
This comprehensive report will provide:
Enhance your strategic decision making
Assist with your research, presentations and business plans
Show which emerging market opportunities to focus on
Increase your industry knowledge
Keep you up-to-date with crucial market developments
Allow you to develop informed growth strategies
Build your technical insight
Illustrate trends to exploit
Strengthen your analysis of competitors
Provide risk analysis, helping you avoid the pitfalls other companies could make
Ultimately, help you to maximize profitability for your company.
Our Market Research Solution Provides You Answer to Below Mentioned Question:
Which are the driving factors responsible for the growth of market?
Which are the roadblock factors of this market?
What are the new opportunities, by which market will grow in coming years?
What are the trends of this market?
Which are main factors responsible for new product launch?
How big is the global & regional market in terms of revenue, sales and production?
How far will the market grow in forecast period in terms of revenue, sales and production?
Which region is dominating the global market and what are the market shares of each region in the overall market in 2019?
How will each segment grow over the forecast period and how much revenue will these segment account for in 2027?
Which region has more opportunities?
Table of Content
Chapter - Report Methodology 1
1.1. Research Process
1.2. Primary Research
1.3. Secondary Research
1.4. Market Size Estimates
1.5. Data Triangulation
1.6. Forecast Model
1.7. USP’s of Report
1.8. Report Description
Chapter – Global Mining Tester Market Overview: Qualitative Analysis 2
2.1. Market Introduction
2.2. Executive Summary
2.3. Global Mining Tester Market Classification
2.4. Market Drivers
2.5. Market Restraints
2.6. Market Opportunity
2.7. Mining Tester Market: Trends
2.8. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
2.9. Market Attractiveness Analysis
Chapter - Global Mining Tester Market Overview: Quantitative Analysis 3
Chapter – Global Mining Tester Market Analysis: Segmentation By Type 4
Chapter – Global Mining Tester Market Analysis: Segmentation By Application 5
Continued@........
Table of Content
1 Study Coverage
1.1 Mining Tester Product
1.2 Key Market Segments in This Study
1.3 Key Manufacturers Covered
1.4 Market by Type
1.5 Market by Application
1.6 Study Objectives
1.7 Years Considered
2 Executive Summary
2.1 Global Mining Tester Market Size
2.1.1 Global Mining Tester Revenue 2014-2027
2.1.2 Global Mining Tester Production 2014-2027
2.2 Mining Tester Growth Rate (CAGR) 2021-2027
2.3 Analysis of Competitive Landscape
2.3.1 Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio
2.3.2 Key Mining Tester Manufacturers
2.3.2.1 Mining Tester Manufacturing Base Distribution, Headquarters
2.3.2.2 Manufacturers Mining Tester Product Offered
2.3.2.3 Date of Manufacturers Enter into Mining Tester Market
2.4 Key Trends for Mining Tester Markets & Products
3 Market Size by Manufacturers
3.1 Mining Tester Production by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Mining Tester Production by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Mining Tester Production Market Share by Manufacturers
3.2 Mining Tester Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Mining Tester Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2021)
3.2.2 Mining Tester Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2021)
3.3 Mining Tester Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Mining Tester Production by Regions
4.1 Global Mining Tester Production by Regions
4.1.1 Global Mining Tester Production Market Share by Regions
4.1.2 Global Mining Tester Revenue Market Share by Regions
4.2 North America
4.2.1 North America Mining Tester Production
4.2.2 North America Mining Tester Revenue
4.2.3 Key Players in North America
4.2.4 North America Mining Tester Import & Export
4.3 Europe
4.3.1 Europe Mining Tester Production
4.3.2 Europe Mining Tester Revenue
4.3.3 Key Players in Europe
4.3.4 Europe Mining Tester Import & Export
4.4 China
4.4.1 China Mining Tester Production
4.4.2 China Mining Tester Revenue
4.4.3 Key Players in China
4.4.4 China Mining Tester Import & Export
4.5 Japan
4.5.1 Japan Mining Tester Production
4.5.2 Japan Mining Tester Revenue
4.5.3 Key Players in Japan
4.5.4 Japan Mining Tester Import & Export
5 Mining Tester Consumption by Regions
5.1 Global Mining Tester Consumption by Regions
5.1.1 Global Mining Tester Consumption by Regions
5.1.2 Global Mining Tester Consumption Market Share by Regions
5.2 North America
5.2.1 North America Mining Tester Consumption by Application
5.2.2 North America Mining Tester Consumption by Countries
5.2.3 United States
5.2.4 Canada
5.2.5 Mexico
5.3 Europe
5.3.1 Europe Mining Tester Consumption by Application
5.3.2 Europe Mining Tester Consumption by Countries
5.3.3 Germany
5.3.4 France
5.3.5 UK
5.3.6 Italy
5.3.7 Russia
5.4 Asia Pacific
5.4.1 Asia Pacific Mining Tester Consumption by Application
5.4.2 Asia Pacific Mining Tester Consumption by Regions
5.4.3 China
5.4.4 Japan
5.4.5 South Korea
5.4.6 India
5.4.7 Australia
5.4.8 Indonesia
5.4.9 Thailand
5.4.10 Malaysia
5.4.11 Philippines
5.4.12 Vietnam
5.5 Central & South America
5.5.1 Central & South America Mining Tester Consumption by Application
5.5.2 Central & South America Mining Tester Consumption by Country
5.5.3 Brazil
5.6 Middle East and Africa
5.6.1 Middle East and Africa Mining Tester Consumption by Application
5.6.2 Middle East and Africa Mining Tester Consumption by Countries
5.6.3 Turkey
5.6.4 GCC Countries
5.6.5 Egypt
5.6.6 South Africa
6 Market Size by Type
6.1 Global Mining Tester Production by Type
6.2 Global Mining Tester Revenue by Type
6.3 Mining Tester Price by Type
7 Market Size by Application
7.1 Overview
7.2 Global Mining Tester Breakdown Dada by Application
7.2.1 Global Mining Tester Consumption by Application
7.2.2 Global Mining Tester Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2021)
8 Manufacturers Profiles
9 Production Forecasts
9.1 Mining Tester Production and Revenue Forecast
9.1.1 Global Mining Tester Production Forecast 2021-2027
9.1.2 Global Mining Tester Revenue Forecast 2021-2027
9.2 Mining Tester Production and Revenue Forecast by Regions
9.2.1 Global Mining Tester Revenue Forecast by Regions
9.2.2 Global Mining Tester Production Forecast by Regions
9.3 Mining Tester Key Producers Forecast
9.3.1 North America
9.3.2 Europe
9.3.3 China
9.3.4 Japan
9.4 Forecast by Type
9.4.1 Global Mining Tester Production Forecast by Type
9.4.2 Global Mining Tester Revenue Forecast by Type
10 Consumption Forecast
10.1 Mining Tester Consumption Forecast by Application
10.2 Mining Tester Consumption Forecast by Regions
10.3 North America Market Consumption Forecast
10.3.1 North America Mining Tester Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
10.3.2 United States
10.3.3 Canada
10.3.4 Mexico
10.4 Europe Market Consumption Forecast
10.4.1 Europe Mining Tester Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
10.4.2 Germany
10.4.3 France
10.4.4 UK
10.4.5 Italy
10.4.6 Russia
10.5 Asia Pacific Market Consumption Forecast
10.5.1 Asia Pacific Mining Tester Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
10.5.2 China
10.5.3 Japan
10.5.4 South Korea
10.5.5 India
10.5.6 Australia
10.5.7 Indonesia
10.5.8 Thailand
10.5.9 Malaysia
10.5.10 Philippines
10.5.11 Vietnam
10.6 Central & South America Market Consumption Forecast
10.6.1 Central & South America Mining Tester Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
10.6.2 Brazil
10.7 Middle East and Africa Market Consumption Forecast
10.7.1 Middle East and Africa Mining Tester Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
10.7.2 Turkey
10.7.3 GCC Countries
10.7.4 Egypt
10.7.5 South Africa
11 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
11.1 Value Chain Analysis
11.2 Sales Channels Analysis
11.2.1 Mining Tester Sales Channels
11.2.2 Mining Tester Distributors
11.3 Mining Tester Customers
12 Market Opportunities & Challenges, Risks and Influences Factors Analysis
12.1 Market Opportunities and Drivers
12.2 Market Challenges
12.3 Market Risks/Restraints
12.4 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
13 Key Findings in the Global Mining Tester Study
14 Appendix
14.1 Research Methodology
14.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
14.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
14.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
14.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
14.1.2 Data Source
14.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
14.1.2.2 Primary Sources
14.2 Author Details
14.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Mining Tester Product Picture
Table Mining Tester Key Market Segments in This Study
Table Key Manufacturers Mining Tester Covered in This Study
Table Global Mining Tester Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2021-2027 & (Million US$)
Figure Global Mining Tester Production Market Share by Type in 2018 & 2027
Figure Fixed Mining Tester Product Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Fixed Mining Tester
Figure Mining Tester Product Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Portable Mining Tester
Table Global Mining Tester Market Size Growth Rate by Application 2021-2027
Figure Global Mining Tester Consumption Market Share by Application in 2018 & 2027
Figure Mining Tester Report Years Considered
Figure Global Mining Tester Revenue 2014-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Mining Tester Production 2014-2027
Table Global Mining Tester Market Size Growth Rate by Regions 2021-2027 & (Million US$)
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio
Table Mining Tester Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table Manufacturers Mining Tester Product Offered
Table Date of Manufacturers Enter into Mining Tester Market
Table Global Mining Tester Production by Manufacturers (2014-2021)
Table Global Mining Tester Production Share by Manufacturers (2014-2021)
Figure Global Mining Tester Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Mining Tester Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2021) (Million US$)
Table Mining Tester Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2021)
Table Mining Tester Price by Manufacturers 2014-2021
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Mining Tester Production by Regions 2014-2021
Table Global Mining Tester Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2021
Figure Global Mining Tester Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2021
Figure Global Mining Tester Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Mining Tester Revenue by Regions 2014-2021 (Million US$)
Table Global Mining Tester Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2021
Figure Global Mining Tester Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2021
Figure Global Mining Tester Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2018
Figure North America Mining Tester Production and Growth Rate 2014-2021
Figure North America Mining Tester Revenue and Growth Rate 2014-2021 (Million US$)
Table North America Mining Tester Import & Export
Figure Europe Mining Tester Production and Growth Rate 2014-2021
Figure Europe Mining Tester Revenue and Growth Rate 2014-2021 (Million US$)
Table Europe Mining Tester Import & Export
Figure China Mining Tester Production and Growth Rate 2014-2021
Figure China Mining Tester Revenue and Growth Rate 2014-2021 (Million US$)
Table China Mining Tester Import & Export
Figure Japan Mining Tester Production and Growth Rate 2014-2021
Figure Japan Mining Tester Revenue and Growth Rate 2014-2021 (Million US$)
Table Japan Mining Tester Import & Export
Table Global Mining Tester Consumption by Regions 2014-2021
Table Global Mining Tester Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2021
Figure Global Mining Tester Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2021
Figure Global Mining Tester Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2018
Figure North America Mining Tester Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Table North America Mining Tester Consumption by Application (2014-2021)
Figure 2018 North America Mining Tester Consumption Market Share by Application
Table North America Mining Tester Consumption by Countries (2014-2021)
Figure 2018 North America Mining Tester Consumption Market Share by Countries
Figure United States Mining Tester Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Canada Mining Tester Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Mexico Mining Tester Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Europe Mining Tester Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Table Europe Mining Tester Consumption by Application (2014-2021)
Figure 2018 Europe Mining Tester Consumption Market Share by Application
Table Europe Mining Tester Consumption by Countries (2014-2021)
Figure 2018 Europe Mining Tester Consumption Market Share by Countries
Figure Germany Mining Tester Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure France Mining Tester Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure UK Mining Tester Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Italy Mining Tester Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Russia Mining Tester Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Asia Pacific Mining Tester Consumption and Growth Rate
Table Asia Pacific Mining Tester Consumption by Application (2014-2021)
Table Asia Pacific Mining Tester Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2021)
Table Asia Pacific Mining Tester Consumption by Regions (2014-2021)
Table Asia Pacific Mining Tester Consumption Market Share by Countries (2014-2021)
Figure China Mining Tester Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Japan Mining Tester Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure South Korea Mining Tester Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure India Mining Tester Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Australia Mining Tester Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Indonesia Mining Tester Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Thailand Mining Tester Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Malaysia Mining Tester Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Philippines Mining Tester Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Vietnam Mining Tester Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Central & South America Mining Tester Consumption and Growth Rate
Table Central & South America Mining Tester Consumption by Application (2014-2021)
Figure 2018 Central & South America Mining Tester Consumption Market Share by Application
Table Central & South America Mining Tester Consumption by Countries (2014-2021)
Figure Central & South America Mining Tester Consumption Market Share by Countries
Figure Brazil Mining Tester Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Middle East and Africa Mining Tester Consumption and Growth Rate
Table Middle East and Africa Mining Tester Consumption by Application (2014-2021)
Figure 2018 Middle East and Africa Mining Tester Consumption Market Share by Application
Table Middle East and Africa Mining Tester Consumption by Countries (2014-2021)
Figure Middle East and Africa Mining Tester Consumption Market Share by Countries
Figure Turkey Mining Tester Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure GCC Countries Mining Tester Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure Egypt Mining Tester Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Figure South Africa Mining Tester Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2021)
Table Global Mining Tester Production by Type (2014-2021)
Table Global Mining Tester Production Share by Type (2014-2021)
Figure Global Mining Tester Production Market Share by Type (2014-2021)
Figure Global Mining Tester Production Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Mining Tester Revenue by Type (2014-2021) (Million US$)
Table Global Mining Tester Revenue Share by Type (2014-2021)
Figure Global Mining Tester Revenue Market Share by Type (2014-2021)
Figure Global Mining Tester Revenue Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Mining Tester Price by Type 2014-2021
Table Global Mining Tester Consumption by Application (2014-2021)
Table Global Mining Tester Consumption by Application (2014-2021)
Table Global Mining Tester Consumption Share by Application (2014-2021)
Figure Global Mining Tester Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2021)
Figure Global Mining Tester Production Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Global Mining Tester Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Table Global Mining Tester Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Table Global Mining Tester Revenue Forecast by Regions 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Mining Tester Revenue Forecast by Regions 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Mining Tester Revenue Market Share Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Table Global Mining Tester Production Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Figure Global Mining Tester Production Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Figure Global Mining Tester Production Market Share Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Figure North America Mining Tester Production Forecast 2021-2027
Figure North America Mining Tester Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Europe Mining Tester Production Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Europe Mining Tester Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure China Mining Tester Production Forecast 2021-2027
Figure China Mining Tester Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Japan Mining Tester Production Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Japan Mining Tester Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Table Global Mining Tester Production Forecast by Type 2021-2027
Figure Global Mining Tester Production Forecast by Type 2021-2027
Figure Global Mining Tester Production Market Share Forecast by Type 2021-2027
Table Global Mining Tester Revenue Forecast by Type 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Mining Tester Revenue Forecast by Type 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Mining Tester Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type 2021-2027
Table Global Mining Tester Consumption Forecast by Application 2021-2027
Figure Global Mining Tester Consumption Forecast by Application 2021-2027
Figure Global Mining Tester Consumption Market Share Forecast by Application 2021-2027
Table Global Mining Tester Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Figure Global Mining Tester Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Figure Global Mining Tester Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Table North America Mining Tester Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Figure North America Mining Tester Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure United States Mining Tester Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Canada Mining Tester Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Mexico Mining Tester Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Table Europe Mining Tester Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Figure Europe Mining Tester Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Germany Mining Tester Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure France Mining Tester Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure UK Mining Tester Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Italy Mining Tester Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Russia Mining Tester Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Table Asia Pacific Mining Tester Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Figure Asia Pacific Mining Tester Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure China Mining Tester Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Japan Mining Tester Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure South Korea Mining Tester Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure India Mining Tester Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Australia Mining Tester Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Indonesia Mining Tester Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Thailand Mining Tester Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Malaysia Mining Tester Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Philippines Mining Tester Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Vietnam Mining Tester Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Table Central & South America Mining Tester Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Figure Central & South America Mining Tester Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Brazil Mining Tester Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Table Middle East and Africa Mining Tester Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Figure Middle East and Africa Mining Tester Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Turkey Mining Tester Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure GCC Countries Mining Tester Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Egypt Mining Tester Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure South Africa Mining Tester Consumption Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Mining Tester Value Chain
Table Mining Tester Distributors List
Table Mining Tester Customers List
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources