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Ventilation Fan
Ventilation Fan Market 2020 By Type (Centrifugal Fans, Axial Fans), By Raw Material (Metal, Plastic), By Deployment (Wall-mounted, Ceiling-mounted), By End-users (Residential, Commercial, Industrial) Forecast to 2025
Report ID: BMRC 2828 | Number of pages: 198 | Publish Date: Apr 2020 | Category: Semiconductor and ElectronicsVentilation Fan Market is valued at USD 2308.31 Million in 2018 and expected to reach USD 3986.92 Million by 2025 with the CAGR of 8.12% over the forecast period.
The Detailed market intelligence report on the Ventilation Fan Market applies the most effective of each primary and secondary analysis to weighs upon the competitive landscape and also the outstanding market players expected to dominate Ventilation Fan Market place for the forecast 2019– 2025.
Scope of the Report:
Report evaluates the growth rate and the Market value based on Market dynamics, growth inducing factors. The complete knowledge is based on latest industry news, opportunities and trends. The report contains a comprehensive Market analysis and vendor landscape in addition to a SWOT analysis of the key vendors.
Geographically, this report split global into several key Regions, revenue (Million USD) The geography (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Middle East & Africa) focusing on key countries in each region. It also covers market drivers, restraints, opportunities, challenges, and key issues in Ventilation Fan Market.
Ventilation Fan Market Dynamics –
Increasing awareness regarding the benefits of ventilation in domestic sector is playing key role to driving the growth of the ventilation fans market. In addition, the use of ventilation fans can overcome the issue of respiratory diseases. It is used to maintain an ideal temperature and air quality across the rooms.According to the National Center for Biotechnology Information, about 4.2 million died due to ambient air pollution in 2016.The deployment of such products with energy efficient, noise free, sync with the design of the room and are easy to clean are the major factors expanding the growth of the ventilation fans market.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 17% of lung cancer deaths in adults are attributable to exposure to carcinogens from household air pollution in 2018 and about3.8 million deaths per year due to smoke from dirty cook stoves and fuels. However, high cost with limited resources of raw materials and small apartments have limited window set-ups will hamper the development of ventilation fans market. Moreover, innovative technology in domestic sectors and the increasing investment in research and development are expected to boost the opportunity for the growth of ventilation fans market.
Ventilation Fan Market Segmentation:
By Type:-
- Centrifugal Fans
- Axial Fans
By Raw Material:-
- Metal
- Plastic
By Deployment:-
- Wall-mounted
- Ceiling-mounted
By End-users:-
- Residential
- Commercial
- Industrial
By Regional & Country Analysis:
North America (US, Canada)
Europe (UK., France, Germany, Italy)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia)
Latin America (Brazil, Mexico)
Middle East and Africa (GCC, Africa, Rest of Middle East and Africa)
Key Players Ventilation Fan Market Reports-
Ventilation fan market report covers prominent players like Panasonic Corporation, Nortek Inc., Systemair AB, Fuji Electric Co., Ltd, Delta Electronics, Inc., Fuji Electric Co., Ltd., Havells India Ltd, Greenwood Airvac, Polypipe Ventilation, Vent-Axia, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Airflow Developments Ltd., Titon plc., Volution Group Plc and among others..
This comprehensive report will provide:
- Enhance your strategic decision making
- Assist with your research, presentations and business plans
- Show which emerging market opportunities to focus on
- Increase your industry knowledge
- Keep you up-to-date with crucial market developments
- Allow you to develop informed growth strategies
- Build your technical insight
- Illustrate trends to exploit
- Strengthen your analysis of competitors
- Provide risk analysis, helping you avoid the pitfalls other companies could make
- Ultimately, help you to maximize profitability for your company.
Our Market Research Solution Provides You Answer to Below Mentioned Question:
- Which are the driving factors responsible for the growth of market?
- Which are the roadblock factors of this market?
- What are the new opportunities, by which market will grow in coming years?
- What are the trends of this market?
- Which are main factors responsible for new product launch?
- How big is the global & regional market in terms of revenue, sales and production?
- How far will the market grow in forecast period in terms of revenue, sales and production?
- Which region is dominating the global market and what are the market shares of each region in the overall market in 2017?
- How will each segment grow over the forecast period and how much revenue will these segment account for in 2025?
- Which region has more opportunities?
Table of Content 1 Study Coverage 1.1 Ventilation Fan Product 1.2 Key Market Segments in This Study 1.3 Key Manufacturers Covered 1.4 Market by Type 1.5 Market by Application 1.6 Study Objectives 1.7 Years Considered 2 Executive Summary 2.1 Global Ventilation Fan Market Size 2.1.1 Global Ventilation Fan Revenue 2014-2025 2.1.2 Global Ventilation Fan Production 2014-2025 2.2 Ventilation Fan Growth Rate (CAGR) 2019-2025 2.3 Analysis of Competitive Landscape 2.3.1 Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio 2.3.2 Key Ventilation Fan Manufacturers 2.3.2.1 Ventilation Fan Manufacturing Base Distribution, Headquarters 2.3.2.2 Manufacturers Ventilation Fan Product Offered 2.3.2.3 Date of Manufacturers Enter into Ventilation Fan Market 2.4 Key Trends for Ventilation Fan Markets & Products 3 Market Size by Manufacturers 3.1 Ventilation Fan Production by Manufacturers 3.1.1 Ventilation Fan Production by Manufacturers 3.1.2 Ventilation Fan Production Market Share by Manufacturers 3.2 Ventilation Fan Revenue by Manufacturers 3.2.1 Ventilation Fan Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019) 3.2.2 Ventilation Fan Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019) 3.3 Ventilation Fan Price by Manufacturers 3.4 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans 4 Ventilation Fan Production by Regions 4.1 Global Ventilation Fan Production by Regions 4.1.1 Global Ventilation Fan Production Market Share by Regions 4.1.2 Global Ventilation Fan Revenue Market Share by Regions 4.2 North America 4.2.1 North America Ventilation Fan Production 4.2.2 North America Ventilation Fan Revenue 4.2.3 Key Players in North America 4.2.4 North America Ventilation Fan Import & Export 4.3 Europe 4.3.1 Europe Ventilation Fan Production 4.3.2 Europe Ventilation Fan Revenue 4.3.3 Key Players in Europe 4.3.4 Europe Ventilation Fan Import & Export 4.4 China 4.4.1 China Ventilation Fan Production 4.4.2 China Ventilation Fan Revenue 4.4.3 Key Players in China 4.4.4 China Ventilation Fan Import & Export 4.5 Japan 4.5.1 Japan Ventilation Fan Production 4.5.2 Japan Ventilation Fan Revenue 4.5.3 Key Players in Japan 4.5.4 Japan Ventilation Fan Import & Export 5 Ventilation Fan Consumption by Regions 5.1 Global Ventilation Fan Consumption by Regions 5.1.1 Global Ventilation Fan Consumption by Regions 5.1.2 Global Ventilation Fan Consumption Market Share by Regions 5.2 North America 5.2.1 North America Ventilation Fan Consumption by Application 5.2.2 North America Ventilation Fan Consumption by Countries 5.2.3 United States 5.2.4 Canada 5.2.5 Mexico 5.3 Europe 5.3.1 Europe Ventilation Fan Consumption by Application 5.3.2 Europe Ventilation Fan Consumption by Countries 5.3.3 Germany 5.3.4 France 5.3.5 UK 5.3.6 Italy 5.3.7 Russia 5.4 Asia Pacific 5.4.1 Asia Pacific Ventilation Fan Consumption by Application 5.4.2 Asia Pacific Ventilation Fan Consumption by Regions 5.4.3 China 5.4.4 Japan 5.4.5 South Korea 5.4.6 India 5.4.7 Australia 5.4.8 Indonesia 5.4.9 Thailand 5.4.10 Malaysia 5.4.11 Philippines 5.4.12 Vietnam 5.5 Central & South America 5.5.1 Central & South America Ventilation Fan Consumption by Application 5.5.2 Central & South America Ventilation Fan Consumption by Country 5.5.3 Brazil 5.6 Middle East and Africa 5.6.1 Middle East and Africa Ventilation Fan Consumption by Application 5.6.2 Middle East and Africa Ventilation Fan Consumption by Countries 5.6.3 Turkey 5.6.4 GCC Countries 5.6.5 Egypt 5.6.6 South Africa 6 Market Size by Type 6.1 Global Ventilation Fan Production by Type 6.2 Global Ventilation Fan Revenue by Type 6.3 Ventilation Fan Price by Type 7 Market Size by Application 7.1 Overview 7.2 Global Ventilation Fan Breakdown Dada by Application 7.2.1 Global Ventilation Fan Consumption by Application 7.2.2 Global Ventilation Fan Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019) 8 Manufacturers Profiles 9 Production Forecasts 9.1 Ventilation Fan Production and Revenue Forecast 9.1.1 Global Ventilation Fan Production Forecast 2019-2025 9.1.2 Global Ventilation Fan Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 9.2 Ventilation Fan Production and Revenue Forecast by Regions 9.2.1 Global Ventilation Fan Revenue Forecast by Regions 9.2.2 Global Ventilation Fan Production Forecast by Regions 9.3 Ventilation Fan Key Producers Forecast 9.3.1 North America 9.3.2 Europe 9.3.3 China 9.3.4 Japan 9.4 Forecast by Type 9.4.1 Global Ventilation Fan Production Forecast by Type 9.4.2 Global Ventilation Fan Revenue Forecast by Type 10 Consumption Forecast 10.1 Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast by Application 10.2 Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast by Regions 10.3 North America Market Consumption Forecast 10.3.1 North America Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 10.3.2 United States 10.3.3 Canada 10.3.4 Mexico 10.4 Europe Market Consumption Forecast 10.4.1 Europe Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 10.4.2 Germany 10.4.3 France 10.4.4 UK 10.4.5 Italy 10.4.6 Russia 10.5 Asia Pacific Market Consumption Forecast 10.5.1 Asia Pacific Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 10.5.2 China 10.5.3 Japan 10.5.4 South Korea 10.5.5 India 10.5.6 Australia 10.5.7 Indonesia 10.5.8 Thailand 10.5.9 Malaysia 10.5.10 Philippines 10.5.11 Vietnam 10.6 Central & South America Market Consumption Forecast 10.6.1 Central & South America Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 10.6.2 Brazil 10.7 Middle East and Africa Market Consumption Forecast 10.7.1 Middle East and Africa Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 10.7.2 Turkey 10.7.3 GCC Countries 10.7.4 Egypt 10.7.5 South Africa 11 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis 11.1 Value Chain Analysis 11.2 Sales Channels Analysis 11.2.1 Ventilation Fan Sales Channels 11.2.2 Ventilation Fan Distributors 11.3 Ventilation Fan Customers 12 Market Opportunities & Challenges, Risks and Influences Factors Analysis 12.1 Market Opportunities and Drivers 12.2 Market Challenges 12.3 Market Risks/Restraints 12.4 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis 13 Key Findings in the Global Ventilation Fan Study 14 Appendix 14.1 Research Methodology 14.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach 14.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design 14.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation 14.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation 14.1.2 Data Source 14.1.2.1 Secondary Sources 14.1.2.2 Primary Sources 14.2 Author Details 14.3 Disclaimer List of Tables and Figures Figure Ventilation Fan Product Picture Table Ventilation Fan Key Market Segments in This Study Table Key Manufacturers Ventilation Fan Covered in This Study Table Global Ventilation Fan Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2019-2025 & (Million US$) Figure Global Ventilation Fan Production Market Share by Type in 2018 & 2025 Figure Fixed Ventilation Fan Product Picture Table Major Manufacturers of Fixed Ventilation Fan Figure Ventilation Fan Product Picture Table Major Manufacturers of Portable Ventilation Fan Table Global Ventilation Fan Market Size Growth Rate by Application 2019-2025 Figure Global Ventilation Fan Consumption Market Share by Application in 2018 & 2025 Figure Ventilation Fan Report Years Considered Figure Global Ventilation Fan Revenue 2014-2025 (Million US$) Figure Global Ventilation Fan Production 2014-2025 Table Global Ventilation Fan Market Size Growth Rate by Regions 2019-2025 & (Million US$) Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio Table Ventilation Fan Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters Table Manufacturers Ventilation Fan Product Offered Table Date of Manufacturers Enter into Ventilation Fan Market Table Global Ventilation Fan Production by Manufacturers (2014-2019) Table Global Ventilation Fan Production Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019) Figure Global Ventilation Fan Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018 Table Ventilation Fan Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (Million US$) Table Ventilation Fan Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019) Table Ventilation Fan Price by Manufacturers 2014-2019 Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans Table Global Ventilation Fan Production by Regions 2014-2019 Table Global Ventilation Fan Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019 Figure Global Ventilation Fan Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019 Figure Global Ventilation Fan Production Market Share by Regions in 2018 Table Global Ventilation Fan Revenue by Regions 2014-2019 (Million US$) Table Global Ventilation Fan Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019 Figure Global Ventilation Fan Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019 Figure Global Ventilation Fan Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2018 Figure North America Ventilation Fan Production and Growth Rate 2014-2019 Figure North America Ventilation Fan Revenue and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$) Table North America Ventilation Fan Import & Export Figure Europe Ventilation Fan Production and Growth Rate 2014-2019 Figure Europe Ventilation Fan Revenue and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$) Table Europe Ventilation Fan Import & Export Figure China Ventilation Fan Production and Growth Rate 2014-2019 Figure China Ventilation Fan Revenue and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$) Table China Ventilation Fan Import & Export Figure Japan Ventilation Fan Production and Growth Rate 2014-2019 Figure Japan Ventilation Fan Revenue and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$) Table Japan Ventilation Fan Import & Export Table Global Ventilation Fan Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 Table Global Ventilation Fan Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019 Figure Global Ventilation Fan Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019 Figure Global Ventilation Fan Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2018 Figure North America Ventilation Fan Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Table North America Ventilation Fan Consumption by Application (2014-2019) Figure 2018 North America Ventilation Fan Consumption Market Share by Application Table North America Ventilation Fan Consumption by Countries (2014-2019) Figure 2018 North America Ventilation Fan Consumption Market Share by Countries Figure United States Ventilation Fan Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Canada Ventilation Fan Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Mexico Ventilation Fan Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Europe Ventilation Fan Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Table Europe Ventilation Fan Consumption by Application (2014-2019) Figure 2018 Europe Ventilation Fan Consumption Market Share by Application Table Europe Ventilation Fan Consumption by Countries (2014-2019) Figure 2018 Europe Ventilation Fan Consumption Market Share by Countries Figure Germany Ventilation Fan Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure France Ventilation Fan Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure UK Ventilation Fan Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Italy Ventilation Fan Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Russia Ventilation Fan Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Asia Pacific Ventilation Fan Consumption and Growth Rate Table Asia Pacific Ventilation Fan Consumption by Application (2014-2019) Table Asia Pacific Ventilation Fan Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019) Table Asia Pacific Ventilation Fan Consumption by Regions (2014-2019) Table Asia Pacific Ventilation Fan Consumption Market Share by Countries (2014-2019) Figure China Ventilation Fan Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Japan Ventilation Fan Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure South Korea Ventilation Fan Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure India Ventilation Fan Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Australia Ventilation Fan Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Indonesia Ventilation Fan Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Thailand Ventilation Fan Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Malaysia Ventilation Fan Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Philippines Ventilation Fan Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Vietnam Ventilation Fan Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Central & South America Ventilation Fan Consumption and Growth Rate Table Central & South America Ventilation Fan Consumption by Application (2014-2019) Figure 2018 Central & South America Ventilation Fan Consumption Market Share by Application Table Central & South America Ventilation Fan Consumption by Countries (2014-2019) Figure Central & South America Ventilation Fan Consumption Market Share by Countries Figure Brazil Ventilation Fan Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Middle East and Africa Ventilation Fan Consumption and Growth Rate Table Middle East and Africa Ventilation Fan Consumption by Application (2014-2019) Figure 2018 Middle East and Africa Ventilation Fan Consumption Market Share by Application Table Middle East and Africa Ventilation Fan Consumption by Countries (2014-2019) Figure Middle East and Africa Ventilation Fan Consumption Market Share by Countries Figure Turkey Ventilation Fan Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure GCC Countries Ventilation Fan Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Egypt Ventilation Fan Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure South Africa Ventilation Fan Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Table Global Ventilation Fan Production by Type (2014-2019) Table Global Ventilation Fan Production Share by Type (2014-2019) Figure Global Ventilation Fan Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019) Figure Global Ventilation Fan Production Market Share by Type in 2018 Table Global Ventilation Fan Revenue by Type (2014-2019) (Million US$) Table Global Ventilation Fan Revenue Share by Type (2014-2019) Figure Global Ventilation Fan Revenue Market Share by Type (2014-2019) Figure Global Ventilation Fan Revenue Market Share by Type in 2018 Table Ventilation Fan Price by Type 2014-2019 Table Global Ventilation Fan Consumption by Application (2014-2019) Table Global Ventilation Fan Consumption by Application (2014-2019) Table Global Ventilation Fan Consumption Share by Application (2014-2019) Figure Global Ventilation Fan Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019) Figure Global Ventilation Fan Production Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Global Ventilation Fan Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$) Table Global Ventilation Fan Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$) Table Global Ventilation Fan Revenue Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (Million US$) Figure Global Ventilation Fan Revenue Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (Million US$) Figure Global Ventilation Fan Revenue Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 Table Global Ventilation Fan Production Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 Figure Global Ventilation Fan Production Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 Figure Global Ventilation Fan Production Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 Figure North America Ventilation Fan Production Forecast 2019-2025 Figure North America Ventilation Fan Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$) Figure Europe Ventilation Fan Production Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Europe Ventilation Fan Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$) Figure China Ventilation Fan Production Forecast 2019-2025 Figure China Ventilation Fan Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$) Figure Japan Ventilation Fan Production Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Japan Ventilation Fan Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$) Table Global Ventilation Fan Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 Figure Global Ventilation Fan Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 Figure Global Ventilation Fan Production Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025 Table Global Ventilation Fan Revenue Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$) Figure Global Ventilation Fan Revenue Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$) Figure Global Ventilation Fan Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025 Table Global Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 Figure Global Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 Figure Global Ventilation Fan Consumption Market Share Forecast by Application 2019-2025 Table Global Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 Figure Global Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 Figure Global Ventilation Fan Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 Table North America Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 Figure North America Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure United States Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Canada Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Mexico Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Table Europe Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 Figure Europe Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Germany Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure France Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure UK Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Italy Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Russia Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Table Asia Pacific Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 Figure Asia Pacific Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure China Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Japan Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure South Korea Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure India Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Australia Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Indonesia Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Thailand Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Malaysia Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Philippines Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Vietnam Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Table Central & South America Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 Figure Central & South America Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Brazil Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Table Middle East and Africa Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 Figure Middle East and Africa Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Turkey Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure GCC Countries Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Egypt Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure South Africa Ventilation Fan Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Ventilation Fan Value Chain Table Ventilation Fan Distributors List Table Ventilation Fan Customers List Table Research Programs/Design for This Report Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report Figure Data Triangulation Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources