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Industrial Enzymes
Industrial Enzymes Market 2019 By Type (Amylases, Cellulases, Proteases, Lipases, Phytases), By Source (Micro-organisms, Plants, Animals) Forecast to 2025
Report ID: BMRC 2646 | Number of pages: 198 | Publish Date: Mar 2020 | Category: Chemicals and MaterialsThe growth of the global industrial enzymes market can be attributed to the rising demand in the textile and food and beverage application. The global industrial enzymes market has been valued significantly in the last few years and is expected to show a good amount of growth in the coming years.
Scope of The Report:
Industrial Enzymes Market applies the most effective of each primary and secondary analysis to weighs upon the competitive landscape and also the outstanding market players expected to dominate Industrial Enzymes Market place for the forecast 2019– 2025.
Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts, the assist in a lot of activities related to the metabolic rate of the body and help in maintaining and encouraging life. The catalysts are extremely selective and it have the ability to accelerate specific metabolic reactions and their speeds weather is food digestion it is the DNA synthesis which takes place in the human body.
The global industrial enzymes market can be segmented into to the end user and product insights and also on the basis of. In terms of the end-user insight, the market has been dominated by the food and beverage segment the food enzymes are responsible for enhancing the shelf life and the quality of the products while the reduced cost overall and this has driven the demand. Usage of this product in making of wines and baking as well as food processing has been expected to foster the growth of the segment. In terms of application, the market of industrial enzymes has been divided into feed additive, food processing and technical. The segment of technical application has been leading this market in the world. In terms of product, carbohydrase has been leading the market and been the biggest contributor to the revenue of this market in the last few years the use of industrial enzymes in in making sugar syrup and prebiotics has been expected to profile the global industrial enzymes market further.
Key Players in the Industrial Enzymes Market Report
The leading players in the global industrial enzymes market are Amcor, Sealed Air, Pentaplast, MULTIVAC, WestRock, Berry Global among the other players which include skinPack, Clearwater and Flexopack among others.
Industrial Enzymes Key Market Segments:
By Type:
- Amylases
- Cellulases
- Proteases
- Lipases
- Phytases
- Others
By Source:
- Micro-organisms
- Plants
- Animals
By Application:
- Food & beverages
- Baked goods
- Dairy
- Others
- Cleaning agents
- Laundry detergents
- automatic dishwashing detergent
- Others
- Animal feed
- Other
The industrial enzymes market has been driven by the use it has in a lot of eco-friendly activities in industries because of their features like the efficiency and selectivity in addition to the speed of the chemical reactions which are created by the transition state complexes as these reduce the energy of the chemical reaction to a large extent. This food enzymes also find a lot of application in the baking industries, brewing, wine making and cheese production this is the major reason why the demand for this product has been growing over the years. There is also a rise in the demand for the personal care products such as cosmetics like the creams used for skin repair and toothpaste act and whiteness along with mouthwashes and this is also expected to boost the growth of the global industrial enzymes market.
Market by Regional Analysis
North America (USA, Canada, Mexico), Europe (UK, France, Germany, Russia, Rest of Europe), Asia-Pacific (China, South Korea, India, Japan, Rest of Asia-Pacific), LAMEA, Latin America, Middle East, Africa
North America Is Expected To Be The Biggest Player In The Global Industrial Enzymes Market
The region which accounts for the maximum share in the global industrial enzymes market is North America and this is also expected to be the largest market in the future because of the rapid expansion food processing industry in Canada and United States. Asia Pacific is also a market which is expected to show good amount of growth in the coming years. The global industrial enzymes market has been expected to witness a good amount of growth in Asia Pacific because of the rising demand for the nutritional and digestive enzymes. Increase in the usage of products in manufacturing of detergents because of their properties like the superior removal of stain and ability for being used in lower temperatures is also expected to further grow the market in the forecast years in this region.
Table of Contents 1 Study Coverage 1.1 Industrial Enzymes Product 1.2 Key Market Segments in This Study 1.3 Key Manufacturers Covered 1.4 Market by Type 1.5 Market by Application 1.6 Study Objectives 1.7 Years Considered 2 Executive Summary 2.1 Global Industrial Enzymes Market Size 2.1.1 Global Industrial Enzymes Revenue 2014-2025 2.1.2 Global Industrial Enzymes Production 2014-2025 2.2 Industrial Enzymes Growth Rate (CAGR) 2019-2025 2.3 Analysis of Competitive Landscape 2.3.1 Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio 2.3.2 Key Industrial Enzymes Manufacturers 2.3.2.1 Industrial Enzymes Manufacturing Base Distribution, Headquarters 2.3.2.2 Manufacturers Industrial Enzymes Product Offered 2.3.2.3 Date of Manufacturers Enter into Industrial Enzymes Market 2.4 Key Trends for Industrial Enzymes Markets & Products 3 Market Size by Manufacturers 3.1 Industrial Enzymes Production by Manufacturers 3.1.1 Industrial Enzymes Production by Manufacturers 3.1.2 Industrial Enzymes Production Market Share by Manufacturers 3.2 Industrial Enzymes Revenue by Manufacturers 3.2.1 Industrial Enzymes Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019) 3.2.2 Industrial Enzymes Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019) 3.3 Industrial Enzymes Price by Manufacturers 3.4 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans 4 Industrial Enzymes Production by Regions 4.1 Global Industrial Enzymes Production by Regions 4.1.1 Global Industrial Enzymes Production Market Share by Regions 4.1.2 Global Industrial Enzymes Revenue Market Share by Regions 4.2 North America 4.2.1 North America Industrial Enzymes Production 4.2.2 North America Industrial Enzymes Revenue 4.2.3 Key Players in North America 4.2.4 North America Industrial Enzymes Import & Export 4.3 Europe 4.3.1 Europe Industrial Enzymes Production 4.3.2 Europe Industrial Enzymes Revenue 4.3.3 Key Players in Europe 4.3.4 Europe Industrial Enzymes Import & Export 4.4 China 4.4.1 China Industrial Enzymes Production 4.4.2 China Industrial Enzymes Revenue 4.4.3 Key Players in China 4.4.4 China Industrial Enzymes Import & Export 4.5 Japan 4.5.1 Japan Industrial Enzymes Production 4.5.2 Japan Industrial Enzymes Revenue 4.5.3 Key Players in Japan 4.5.4 Japan Industrial Enzymes Import & Export 5 Industrial Enzymes Consumption by Regions 5.1 Global Industrial Enzymes Consumption by Regions 5.1.1 Global Industrial Enzymes Consumption by Regions 5.1.2 Global Industrial Enzymes Consumption Market Share by Regions 5.2 North America 5.2.1 North America Industrial Enzymes Consumption by Application 5.2.2 North America Industrial Enzymes Consumption by Countries 5.2.3 United States 5.2.4 Canada 5.2.5 Mexico 5.3 Europe 5.3.1 Europe Industrial Enzymes Consumption by Application 5.3.2 Europe Industrial Enzymes Consumption by Countries 5.3.3 Germany 5.3.4 France 5.3.5 UK 5.3.6 Italy 5.3.7 Russia 5.4 Asia Pacific 5.4.1 Asia Pacific Industrial Enzymes Consumption by Application 5.4.2 Asia Pacific Industrial Enzymes Consumption by Regions 5.4.3 China 5.4.4 Japan 5.4.5 South Korea 5.4.6 India 5.4.7 Australia 5.4.8 Indonesia 5.4.9 Thailand 5.4.10 Malaysia 5.4.11 Philippines 5.4.12 Vietnam 5.5 Central & South America 5.5.1 Central & South America Industrial Enzymes Consumption by Application 5.5.2 Central & South America Industrial Enzymes Consumption by Country 5.5.3 Brazil 5.6 Middle East and Africa 5.6.1 Middle East and Africa Industrial Enzymes Consumption by Application 5.6.2 Middle East and Africa Industrial Enzymes Consumption by Countries 5.6.3 Turkey 5.6.4 GCC Countries 5.6.5 Egypt 5.6.6 South Africa 6 Market Size by Type 6.1 Global Industrial Enzymes Production by Type 6.2 Global Industrial Enzymes Revenue by Type 6.3 Industrial Enzymes Price by Type 7 Market Size by Application 7.1 Overview 7.2 Global Industrial Enzymes Breakdown Dada by Application 7.2.1 Global Industrial Enzymes Consumption by Application 7.2.2 Global Industrial Enzymes Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019) 8 Manufacturers Profiles 9 Production Forecasts 9.1 Industrial Enzymes Production and Revenue Forecast 9.1.1 Global Industrial Enzymes Production Forecast 2019-2025 9.1.2 Global Industrial Enzymes Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 9.2 Industrial Enzymes Production and Revenue Forecast by Regions 9.2.1 Global Industrial Enzymes Revenue Forecast by Regions 9.2.2 Global Industrial Enzymes Production Forecast by Regions 9.3 Industrial Enzymes Key Producers Forecast 9.3.1 North America 9.3.2 Europe 9.3.3 China 9.3.4 Japan 9.4 Forecast by Type 9.4.1 Global Industrial Enzymes Production Forecast by Type 9.4.2 Global Industrial Enzymes Revenue Forecast by Type 10 Consumption Forecast 10.1 Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast by Application 10.2 Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast by Regions 10.3 North America Market Consumption Forecast 10.3.1 North America Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 10.3.2 United States 10.3.3 Canada 10.3.4 Mexico 10.4 Europe Market Consumption Forecast 10.4.1 Europe Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 10.4.2 Germany 10.4.3 France 10.4.4 UK 10.4.5 Italy 10.4.6 Russia 10.5 Asia Pacific Market Consumption Forecast 10.5.1 Asia Pacific Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 10.5.2 China 10.5.3 Japan 10.5.4 South Korea 10.5.5 India 10.5.6 Australia 10.5.7 Indonesia 10.5.8 Thailand 10.5.9 Malaysia 10.5.10 Philippines 10.5.11 Vietnam 10.6 Central & South America Market Consumption Forecast 10.6.1 Central & South America Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 10.6.2 Brazil 10.7 Middle East and Africa Market Consumption Forecast 10.7.1 Middle East and Africa Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 10.7.2 Turkey 10.7.3 GCC Countries 10.7.4 Egypt 10.7.5 South Africa 11 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis 11.1 Value Chain Analysis 11.2 Sales Channels Analysis 11.2.1 Industrial Enzymes Sales Channels 11.2.2 Industrial Enzymes Distributors 11.3 Industrial Enzymes Customers 12 Market Opportunities & Challenges, Risks and Influences Factors Analysis 12.1 Market Opportunities and Drivers 12.2 Market Challenges 12.3 Market Risks/Restraints 12.4 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis 13 Key Findings in the Global Industrial Enzymes Study 14 Appendix 14.1 Research Methodology 14.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach 14.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design 14.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation 14.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation 14.1.2 Data Source 14.1.2.1 Secondary Sources 14.1.2.2 Primary Sources 14.2 Author Details 14.3 Disclaimer List of Tables and Figures Figure Industrial Enzymes Product Picture Table Industrial Enzymes Key Market Segments in This Study Table Key Manufacturers Industrial Enzymes Covered in This Study Table Global Industrial Enzymes Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2019-2025 & (Million US$) Figure Global Industrial Enzymes Production Market Share by Type in 2018 & 2025 Figure Fixed Industrial Enzymes Product Picture Table Major Manufacturers of Fixed Industrial Enzymes Figure Industrial Enzymes Product Picture Table Major Manufacturers of Portable Industrial Enzymes Table Global Industrial Enzymes Market Size Growth Rate by Application 2019-2025 Figure Global Industrial Enzymes Consumption Market Share by Application in 2018 & 2025 Figure Industrial Enzymes Report Years Considered Figure Global Industrial Enzymes Revenue 2014-2025 (Million US$) Figure Global Industrial Enzymes Production 2014-2025 Table Global Industrial Enzymes Market Size Growth Rate by Regions 2019-2025 & (Million US$) Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio Table Industrial Enzymes Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters Table Manufacturers Industrial Enzymes Product Offered Table Date of Manufacturers Enter into Industrial Enzymes Market Table Global Industrial Enzymes Production by Manufacturers (2014-2019) Table Global Industrial Enzymes Production Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019) Figure Global Industrial Enzymes Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018 Table Industrial Enzymes Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (Million US$) Table Industrial Enzymes Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019) Table Industrial Enzymes Price by Manufacturers 2014-2019 Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans Table Global Industrial Enzymes Production by Regions 2014-2019 Table Global Industrial Enzymes Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019 Figure Global Industrial Enzymes Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019 Figure Global Industrial Enzymes Production Market Share by Regions in 2018 Table Global Industrial Enzymes Revenue by Regions 2014-2019 (Million US$) Table Global Industrial Enzymes Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019 Figure Global Industrial Enzymes Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019 Figure Global Industrial Enzymes Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2018 Figure North America Industrial Enzymes Production and Growth Rate 2014-2019 Figure North America Industrial Enzymes Revenue and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$) Table North America Industrial Enzymes Import & Export Figure Europe Industrial Enzymes Production and Growth Rate 2014-2019 Figure Europe Industrial Enzymes Revenue and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$) Table Europe Industrial Enzymes Import & Export Figure China Industrial Enzymes Production and Growth Rate 2014-2019 Figure China Industrial Enzymes Revenue and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$) Table China Industrial Enzymes Import & Export Figure Japan Industrial Enzymes Production and Growth Rate 2014-2019 Figure Japan Industrial Enzymes Revenue and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$) Table Japan Industrial Enzymes Import & Export Table Global Industrial Enzymes Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 Table Global Industrial Enzymes Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019 Figure Global Industrial Enzymes Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019 Figure Global Industrial Enzymes Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2018 Figure North America Industrial Enzymes Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Table North America Industrial Enzymes Consumption by Application (2014-2019) Figure 2018 North America Industrial Enzymes Consumption Market Share by Application Table North America Industrial Enzymes Consumption by Countries (2014-2019) Figure 2018 North America Industrial Enzymes Consumption Market Share by Countries Figure United States Industrial Enzymes Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Canada Industrial Enzymes Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Mexico Industrial Enzymes Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Europe Industrial Enzymes Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Table Europe Industrial Enzymes Consumption by Application (2014-2019) Figure 2018 Europe Industrial Enzymes Consumption Market Share by Application Table Europe Industrial Enzymes Consumption by Countries (2014-2019) Figure 2018 Europe Industrial Enzymes Consumption Market Share by Countries Figure Germany Industrial Enzymes Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure France Industrial Enzymes Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure UK Industrial Enzymes Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Italy Industrial Enzymes Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Russia Industrial Enzymes Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Asia Pacific Industrial Enzymes Consumption and Growth Rate Table Asia Pacific Industrial Enzymes Consumption by Application (2014-2019) Table Asia Pacific Industrial Enzymes Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019) Table Asia Pacific Industrial Enzymes Consumption by Regions (2014-2019) Table Asia Pacific Industrial Enzymes Consumption Market Share by Countries (2014-2019) Figure China Industrial Enzymes Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Japan Industrial Enzymes Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure South Korea Industrial Enzymes Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure India Industrial Enzymes Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Australia Industrial Enzymes Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Indonesia Industrial Enzymes Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Thailand Industrial Enzymes Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Malaysia Industrial Enzymes Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Philippines Industrial Enzymes Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Vietnam Industrial Enzymes Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Central & South America Industrial Enzymes Consumption and Growth Rate Table Central & South America Industrial Enzymes Consumption by Application (2014-2019) Figure 2018 Central & South America Industrial Enzymes Consumption Market Share by Application Table Central & South America Industrial Enzymes Consumption by Countries (2014-2019) Figure Central & South America Industrial Enzymes Consumption Market Share by Countries Figure Brazil Industrial Enzymes Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Middle East and Africa Industrial Enzymes Consumption and Growth Rate Table Middle East and Africa Industrial Enzymes Consumption by Application (2014-2019) Figure 2018 Middle East and Africa Industrial Enzymes Consumption Market Share by Application Table Middle East and Africa Industrial Enzymes Consumption by Countries (2014-2019) Figure Middle East and Africa Industrial Enzymes Consumption Market Share by Countries Figure Turkey Industrial Enzymes Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure GCC Countries Industrial Enzymes Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure Egypt Industrial Enzymes Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Figure South Africa Industrial Enzymes Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) Table Global Industrial Enzymes Production by Type (2014-2019) Table Global Industrial Enzymes Production Share by Type (2014-2019) Figure Global Industrial Enzymes Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019) Figure Global Industrial Enzymes Production Market Share by Type in 2018 Table Global Industrial Enzymes Revenue by Type (2014-2019) (Million US$) Table Global Industrial Enzymes Revenue Share by Type (2014-2019) Figure Global Industrial Enzymes Revenue Market Share by Type (2014-2019) Figure Global Industrial Enzymes Revenue Market Share by Type in 2018 Table Industrial Enzymes Price by Type 2014-2019 Table Global Industrial Enzymes Consumption by Application (2014-2019) Table Global Industrial Enzymes Consumption by Application (2014-2019) Table Global Industrial Enzymes Consumption Share by Application (2014-2019) Figure Global Industrial Enzymes Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019) Figure Global Industrial Enzymes Production Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Global Industrial Enzymes Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$) Table Global Industrial Enzymes Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$) Table Global Industrial Enzymes Revenue Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (Million US$) Figure Global Industrial Enzymes Revenue Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (Million US$) Figure Global Industrial Enzymes Revenue Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 Table Global Industrial Enzymes Production Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 Figure Global Industrial Enzymes Production Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 Figure Global Industrial Enzymes Production Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 Figure North America Industrial Enzymes Production Forecast 2019-2025 Figure North America Industrial Enzymes Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$) Figure Europe Industrial Enzymes Production Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Europe Industrial Enzymes Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$) Figure China Industrial Enzymes Production Forecast 2019-2025 Figure China Industrial Enzymes Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$) Figure Japan Industrial Enzymes Production Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Japan Industrial Enzymes Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$) Table Global Industrial Enzymes Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 Figure Global Industrial Enzymes Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 Figure Global Industrial Enzymes Production Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025 Table Global Industrial Enzymes Revenue Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$) Figure Global Industrial Enzymes Revenue Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$) Figure Global Industrial Enzymes Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025 Table Global Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 Figure Global Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 Figure Global Industrial Enzymes Consumption Market Share Forecast by Application 2019-2025 Table Global Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 Figure Global Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 Figure Global Industrial Enzymes Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 Table North America Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 Figure North America Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure United States Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Canada Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Mexico Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Table Europe Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 Figure Europe Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Germany Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure France Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure UK Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Italy Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Russia Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Table Asia Pacific Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 Figure Asia Pacific Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure China Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Japan Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure South Korea Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure India Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Australia Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Indonesia Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Thailand Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Malaysia Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Philippines Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Vietnam Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Table Central & South America Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 Figure Central & South America Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Brazil Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Table Middle East and Africa Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 Figure Middle East and Africa Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Turkey Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure GCC Countries Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Egypt Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure South Africa Industrial Enzymes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Industrial Enzymes Value Chain Table Industrial Enzymes Distributors List Table Industrial Enzymes Customers List Table Research Programs/Design for This Report Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report Figure Data Triangulation Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources